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A hazardous manual task, as defined in the WHS Regulations, means a task that requires a person to lift, lower, push, pull, carry or otherwise move, hold or restrain any person, animal or thing involving one or more of the following:

• Repetitive or sustained force
• High or sudden force
• Repetitive movement over a period of time
• Sustained or awkward posture
• Exposure to vibration.

Any of the above factors could directly stress the body and result in an injury.聽 The most common injury from manual tasks is a musculoskeletal disorder.

A musculoskeletal disorder (MSD), as defined in the Hazardous Manual Tasks Code of Practice, means an injury to, or a disease of, the musculoskeletal system, whether occurring suddenly or over time. It can be a back injury, a sprained or strained muscle, ligament and tendon, degeneration of a joint or bone and nerve damage.

Musculoskeletal disorders occur in two ways:

1. gradual wear and tear to joints, ligaments, muscles and inter-vertebral discs caused by repeated or continuous use of the same body parts, including static body positions
2. sudden damage caused by strenuous activity, or unexpected movements such as when loads being handled move or change position suddenly.

Injuries can also occur due to a combination of these two mechanisms.

Before undertaking the task, identify if the task could cause an injury.

Consider:

• what the task is and how it is performed;
• the load /object to be moved (e.g. it鈥檚 weight, shape, size);
• if the work environment could impact on the safe completion of the task.
  • Extremely cold environment (which may affect gripping, reduce sensitivity in cold hands or from wearing gloves)
  • Extremely high temperatures (which may also affect gripping, perspiration on the hands, radiant heat)
  • Humid environment (which may increase discomfort and fatigue, damp/wet objects)
  • Wind (increased force required to handle large objects in windy conditions)
  • Slippery and uneven floor surfaces (which may affect stability of the load and/or your balance/footing)
  • Obstructions (which may be from poor housekeeping, may lead to leaning over or around an object to complete a task)
  • Lighting (which may lead to awkward or sustained posture to improve vision or avoid glare).

• If the task requires:

  • Repetitive or sustained force (e.g. Using force repeatedly or continually over a period of time to move or support an object.)
  • High or sudden force (e.g. Exertion is required. The task is physically demanding. There is jerky or unexpected movements while handling an item or load. The body must suddenly adapt to the changing force.)
  • Repetitive movement over a period of time (e.g. Using the same parts of the body to repeat similar movements over a period of time.)
  • Sustained or awkward posture (e.g. Where part or the whole body is kept in the same position for a prolonged period and/or the posture is unbalanced and/or there are extremes of bending/twisting/squatting/working with arms overhead/kneeling.)
  • Exposure to vibration (e.g. Operating equipment where the vibration is transferred to the hand and arm, repetitive shock loads of some tools, sitting in a heavy vehicle for long periods.)
• The suitability of the tools/equipment that you are using to complete the activity (if applicable) e.g. are they fit for purpose?

Where you have identified one or more of the abovementioned risk factors then you should complete a formal risk assessment in accordance with the Hazard Management Handbook Chapter. This will enable you to minimise the risk and implement appropriate control measures in order to complete the task safely.

If there are a number of similar hazardous manual tasks, they may be assessed together as a group instead of assessing each task individually.聽 e.g. activities requiring handling of animals.

The Hazard Management chapter of the HSW Handbook provide additional information on 鈥渃ontrol banding鈥�.

The and , require that the risk be eliminated or

minimised by working through the hierarchy of control.聽

This may require a single control measure or a combination of two or more different controls.

Specific examples of risk control measures which relate to hazardous manual tasks are provided in Appendix A.

The risk assessment process will enable the calculation of a residual risk rating (i.e. after the controls are in place).

If there is a residual risk of 鈥渉igh鈥� or 鈥渧ery high鈥� then the activity/plant/chemical is to be referred for the appropriate level of authorisation in accordance with the Hazard Management to ensure that every avenue for minimisation of the risk has been considered and that they authorise for the activity to continue.

The Supervisor responsible for the implementation of the task, should consult with workers involved in the manual task including their health and safety representative(s) (where relevant) regarding the control measures identified on the risk assessment.

As a guide, if the residual risk is assessed as:

Low risk 鈥� information on the control measures is provided during induction.

Medium risk 鈥� information on the control measures is provided during induction.

High and very high risk 鈥� information on the control measures is provided during induction and additional instruction/proficiency against the Safe Operating Procedure (or equivalent) is to be provided before the worker completes the activity of their own (i.e. unsupervised).

(Additional information is also provided in the HSW Handbook chapter Provision of HSW information, instruction and training)

Supervisors are to ensure all completed risk assessments are available to the workers who conduct the activity in either electronic or hard copy and that workers in their area(s) follow the control measures and safe work procedures.

Any worker who suffers from a work related incident/injury is to report the incident to their Supervisor as soon as possible (e.g. before leaving work) and follow the process Report a safety issue or incident chapter of the HSW Handbook.

As part of the investigation, the Supervisor is to review the risk assessment and control measures to ensure the measures are adequate in consultation with the relevant workers.聽 Where controls are not sufficient, they will take appropriate corrective action, where required, to prevent a recurrence.

The incidents and any corrective actions are recorded in to ensure that any trends can be identified and any corrective actions recorded are completed.

If you have a work-related musculoskeletal injury

Refer to the Injury management HSW Handbook chapter, which provides information on the Workers compensation and rehabilitation process.

If you have a musculoskeletal injury (work or non-work related)

Information is available from the Injury management Handbook website. (i.e. Caring for you knee sprain, low back pain, shoulder pain, soft tissue injury.)

If you would like more information about hazardous manual tasks please refer to:

• The on the SafeWork SA website
• your local HSW contact.

There is also an on-line Ergonomics and Manual Handling information session available which provides basic manual handling principles and guidance.