成人大片

Urban megaprojects tend to be the antithesis of good urban planning. They have a negative impact on local water systems, deprive local communities of water-related human rights, and their funders and sponsors have little accountability for their impact.

These are the findings of the 成人大片鈥檚 Dr Scott Hawken from the School of Architecture and Built Environment who led a review of the impact of urban megaprojects on water justice in South East Asia.

鈥淯rban megaprojects have severe implications for environmental processes,鈥� said Dr Hawken.

鈥淭hey have a major impact on hydrological systems and during all phases of development affect water security and human rights.

鈥淎s well as interrupting urban water flows and waste removal, they cause biodiversity degradation and loss of arable landscapes, and increase pollution and change the flood regimes of rivers.鈥�

The study, published in the journal , focussed on the Phu My Hung project in Vietnam, the Amarapura project in Myanmar and Boeung Kak Lake in Cambodia, and is the result of Dr Hawken鈥檚 engagement with recent calls from the United Nations for greater accountability in megaprojects globally.

鈥淐onsidering the prominence of this development model, it is unacceptable that there is so little information or recourse when these projects do not deliver on their promises.鈥�Dr Scott Hawken

Urban megaprojects have been a key mode of development in Southeast Asia since the 1980s. Between three and 14 per cent of GDP is invested in these kind of developments in SE Asia and eight per cent globally. They can include urban regeneration schemes, transport and energy infrastructure, industrial corridors, city clusters, new towns, innovation districts, science and technology parks and sports infrastructure.

鈥淭he projects we looked at are typical of most major cities in Southeast Asia in that they are located near coasts or major rivers which exposes people who live there to extreme weather events such as floods and erosion,鈥� said Dr Hawken.

鈥淎t every stage of these projects there needs to be a more systematic approach to sustainability especially when assessing their impact on water security. The community needs to be more involved and funders and sponsors need to be more accountable for the impact.

鈥淲ealthier residents tend to benefit from these urban enclaves while they dramatically displace and disrupt existing economics and social relations. Poor socio-economic urban residents are disproportionately adversely affected.鈥�

Megaprojects are often publicly positioned as economic benefactors for cities with governments and developers framing them as delivering wealth and new technologies to urban regions.

鈥淐onsidering the prominence of this development model, it is unacceptable that there is so little information or recourse when these projects do not deliver on their promises,鈥� said Dr Hawken.

鈥淓xisting urban issues are rarely solved by these projects so a new approach is needed to better engage with communities and their socio-ecological relationships with natural water systems. Considering where they are built such projects also expose cities to future climate related disasters such as sea-level rise and flooding.

鈥淥ur findings and recommendations are relevant to cities around the world which are in semi-aquatic, delta environments and sensitive water catchment areas.

鈥淒evelopers need to be accountable for such projects now and into the future.鈥�