成人大片

Study author Dr Mark Giancaspro explains that Australian Consumer Law prohibits businesses and consumers from engaging in 鈥榰nconscionable conduct鈥� in trade or commerce.

鈥淓ssentially, unconscionable conduct is defined as seriously repugnant or unacceptable commercial conduct, such as exploiting someone鈥檚 disadvantages for profit,鈥� says Dr Giancaspro, whose study was published in .

鈥淓xamples would be pressuring an elderly person into buying an expensive car, convincing someone who is intoxicated to sell their house for a pittance, or using overwhelming sales tactics to corner someone into signing a contract.

鈥淯nconscionable conduct is illegal, but conduct that is considered merely 鈥榰nfair鈥� is not. The problem is, it isn鈥檛 clear when conduct crosses the line from unfair to unconscionable.鈥�

Through his analysis of cases where unconscionability was alleged but not proven, Dr Giancaspro found that courts tend to perceive commercial behaviour along a spectrum. 听

鈥淚n short, unconscionable conduct lies at one end of the spectrum, and immoral or unfair conduct at the other,鈥� he says.

鈥淲here in that spectrum the courts place a particular behaviour depends on a range of opaque factors which apply differently from case to case. However, my research identified what can be described as a 'default' perception by judges as to the gravity of various forms of business conduct.

鈥淐ourts often accept that commercial parties occasionally act in ways that might be seen as 'unfair', and that more is needed to cross the line from becoming unethical to illegal. My research identified patterns in how judges make this distinction.鈥� 听

Dr Giancaspro鈥檚 paper provides insight into a largely underexplored area of commercial law, which often analyses when commercial behaviour is unconscionable rather than when it is not听unconscionable.

The findings offer practical guidance for consumers, businesses, and legal professionals on navigating the grey areas of commercial conduct and ensuring fair practices in the marketplace, and there is potential for further research in this area.

鈥淎 broader sample of cases in which unconscionability was alleged but not proven would help to provide an even more representative spectrum of commercial behaviour,鈥� Dr Giancaspro says.

鈥淚t would also be helpful to perform an analysis with consumers and businesses to understand how their perception of commercial conduct aligns or runs contrary to that of judges.鈥�

Dr Giancaspro is an expert in the field of commercial law and consumer protection, with his new book on contract law having launched in October this year, and others on the way in 2025.