成人大片

The transnational smuggling of live animals poses a threat to Australia鈥檚 biodiversity, conservation, environmental biosecurity, animal welfare, and human health and wellbeing.

In a study published in , researchers at the 成人大片 compared the illegal smuggling of live reptiles 鈥� including lizards, snakes and turtles 鈥� into Australia, to the unregulated pet trade of reptiles in the United States (US), to understand better the drivers of illegal wildlife trade, and develop a framework for anticipating future trends in wildlife smuggling.

The researchers suggest the unregulated reptile trade in the US and other Western countries, has a major influence on Australians鈥� desire for illegal reptiles.

鈥淲e provide the first evidence that market-level indicators of legal wildlife trade in the US have a strong predictive power to discern which species are smuggled illegally into Australia."Dr Oliver Stringham

Lead author, Dr Oliver Stringham from the 成人大片鈥檚 School of Biological Sciences, said, 鈥淭here has been considerable attention paid to the scale of the wildlife trade in non-Western countries, but much less on large Western markets, even though trade has been happening in Western countries, such as the US, for a long time.

鈥淭he US markets drive many aspects of Westernised culture, such as fashion, music and fast-food, so the influence of the US on reptile pet trade has the capacity to be substantial.鈥�

In the study, the researchers modelled the probability of reptile species being smuggled into Australia using US trade data, US reptile pet store inventories, and other reptile trait, taxonomy and trade-based variables.

The researchers found of the 75 reptile species reported as smuggled into Australia between 1999 and 2016, all but one were also found in the unregulated US trade. On average, a species was first smuggled to Australia around six years after first appearing in the US.

Three reptile families had the highest probability of being smuggled. They were, Elapidae (such as cobras and mambas; all venomous), Kinosternidae (small turtles such as mud turtles and musk turtles), and Testudinidae (tortoises).

Species listed in Appendices I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) of Wild Fauna and Flora, had a higher smuggling probability compared to species not listed, after controlling for other variables.

鈥淚t is our interpretation that the recent demand for illegal species in Australia has therefore originated from species already present in the US pet trade rather than new emerging or exotic species,鈥� said Dr Stringham.

鈥淲e provide the first evidence that market-level indicators of legal wildlife trade in the US have a strong predictive power to discern which species are smuggled illegally into Australia.

鈥淥ur research also provides the first risk watch-list of desirable reptile species trafficked into Australia, and a framework for anticipating future trends in wildlife smuggling.鈥�

Associate Professor Phill Cassey from the 成人大片鈥檚 Invasion Science & Wildlife Ecology Lab said, 鈥淲estern countries play a prominent role in the legal and illegal wildlife trade, but particularly in exotic pet keeping.

鈥淲e hope these findings assist to assess and anticipate the risk of exotic live animals being smuggled into Australia and other Western countries, and will encourage further research into the patterns and drivers of live animal smuggling.鈥�